A House Democrat who’s been at the forefront of congressional efforts to scrutinize the federal government’s use of commercial spyware wants the Commerce Department to brief Capitol Hill amid apprehension that the Trump administration might further embrace the technology.

Rep. Summer Lee, D-Pa., sent a letter to the department Thursday seeking a briefing on several developments stemming from Immigration and Customs Enforcement acknowledging its use of Paragon’s Graphite spyware, as well as an American company purchasing a controlling stake in Israel’s NSO Group. The Commerce Department sanctioned NSO Group under former President Joe Biden after widespread abuse allegations, including eavesdropping on government officials, activists and journalists.

“The Trump Administration appears to be broadly receptive to using commercial spyware to infiltrate cell phones and allowing U.S. investment in sanctioned spyware companies like NSO Group,” Lee wrote in her letter to Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick, which CyberScoop is first reporting.

NSO Group’s new executive chairman, David Friedman, is a former Trump ambassador to Israel and was his bankruptcy attorney. He has said in November that he expects the administration will be “receptive” to using NSO Group tech.

“Given those close ties between NSO Group and the Trump Administration, and the serious concerns about how NSO’s technology could be used to spy on Americans, we write to request information regarding the purchase of NSO Group by an American company and the potential usage of NSO Group spyware by federal law enforcement,” wrote Lee, who sits on the Oversight and Government Reform panel and is the top Democrat on its Federal Law Enforcement Subcommittee.

Lee was one of the authors of a recent Democratic letter seeking confirmation of ICE’s use of Paragon’s Graphite, which ICE acknowledged. But they criticized the administration for not answering all their questions, in addition to being outraged.

In her latest letter, Lee asked the Commerce Department to brief Oversight and Government Reform Committee staff about internal department deliberations, Commerce communication with the White House and any outside conversations — including with Friedman — about government use of NSO Group technology or any other commercial spyware, and American investment in NSO.

NSO Group “appears to view the Trump administration as friendly to its interests in the United States, pitching itself as a vital tool for the U.S. government to safeguard national security,” Lee wrote, citing company court filings that it “is reasonably foreseeable that a law enforcement or intelligence agency of the United States will use Pegasus.”

The Biden administration sanctions, and court losses in a case against Meta, represented setbacks for NSO Group’s ambitions. And prior to the U.S. investment firm controlling stake purchase last fall, the Commerce Department under Trump rebuffed efforts to remove NSO Group from its sanctions list.

But the tens of millions of dollars worth of investment, following news that Israel had used Pegasus to track people kidnapped or murdered by Hamas, was a boon.

NSO Group maintains that its products are designed only to help law enforcement and intelligence fight terrorism and crime, and that it vets its customers in advance as well as investigates misuse. News accounts and other investigations have turned up a multitude of abuses.

There have been scattered reports of U.S. flirtation with using NSO Group technology. The FBI acknowledged it had bought a Pegasus license, but stopped short of deploying it. The Times of London reported that “it is believed” the Central Intelligence Agency used Pegasus spyware as part of a rescue mission last month for a U.S. airman downed in Iran.

You can read the full letter below.

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Immigration and Customs Enforcement has confirmed it is using Paragon spyware, prompting outrage Thursday from a trio of House Democrats.

In response to a letter from the lawmakers inquiring about Paragon’s use, acting ICE Director Todd Lyons wrote that he had authorized the use of “cutting-edge technological tools” to help the Homeland Security Investigations division fight fentanyl, particularly against organizations using encrypted communications. 

“Any use of the technology will comply with constitutional requirements and be coordinated with the ICE Office of the Principal Legal Advisor,” Lyons wrote Wednesday, without naming Paragon specifically. “Further, use of the technology will align with and support the Homeland Security Task Force’s strategic initiatives to identify, disrupt, and dismantle Foreign Terrorist Organizations, addressing the escalating fentanyl epidemic and safeguarding national security.”

But Democratic Reps. Summer Lee of Pennsylvania, Shontel Brown of Ohio and Yassamin Ansari of Arizona weren’t pleased with ICE’s answer.

“It’s outrageous that [the Department of Homeland Security] and ICE are using this spyware with no Congressional oversight and a complete lack of compliance standards,” they said in a joint statement shared with CyberScoop. “Given the track record of the Trump Administration, ICE’s feigned compliance with existing standards doesn’t mean much; we need to see proof and evidence of ironclad safeguards.

“That’s why we requested so much documentation, which they have completely failed to provide,” they continued. “House Democrats will continue to demand more information and hold ICE accountable for its abuses.”

Lyons wrote that he certified use of the technology, which he said complied with a 2023 executive order issued by then-President Joe Biden. That executive order requires certification that use of commercial spyware wouldn’t pose national security or counterintelligence risks, or create significant risks of improper use by a foreign government.

In 2024, the $2 million ICE contract with Paragon came under White House review. But last year, ICE lifted a stop-work order.

ICE didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment on the Democrats’ reaction. ICE’s use of surveillance technology has drawn concern from civil liberties groups.

Paragon’s Graphite technology has been found on the phones of journalists and there are suspected uses in a number of countries. WhatsApp last year said it had disrupted a campaign employing the spyware against its users.

The letter’s vague language on safeguards, combined with ICE’s stance on privacy, is concerning, said Cooper Quintin, a security researcher and senior public interest technologist with the Electronic Frontier Foundation’s Threat Lab.

“It leaves open the door for them to interpret that it is constitutional for them to use administrative subpoenas to use this malware in HSI investigations,” Quintin said.

Bloomberg first reported on Lyons’ letter.

This story was updated April 2, 2026, with comments from Quintin.

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